Abstract
Anatomy is one of the basic subjects of medical science. Medical students gain detailed knowledge of human body by dissecting cadavers. Hence, cadaveric dissection has become an essential tool in teaching and learning anatomy. In anatomy, visualization plays an important role in understanding the spatial orientation of structures. Due to technological advancement and a shortage of cadavers, there is a need to look for various complementary tools which can provide an adequate visualization of bodily structures. This issue was very well understood and reflected during the recent pandemic when cadaveric dissection was substituted by experimenting with various teaching tools. In this paper, we have tried to briefly describe the various options that can complement/supplement dissection and assist in self-directed learning.
References
Keenan ID, ben Awadh A. Integrating 3D visualisation technologies in undergraduate anatomy education. In: Rea P, editor. Biomedical Visualisation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p.39–53. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06070-1_4
McLachlan JC, Bligh J, Bradley P, Searle J. Teaching anatomy without cadavers. Medical Education. 2004;38(4):418–424. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2004.01795.x
Ravi KS. Dead body management in times of Covid‐19 and its potential impact on the availability of cadavers for medical education in India. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2020;13(3):316–317. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1962
Silén C, Wirell S, Kvist J, Nylander E, Smedby Ö. Advanced 3D visualization in student-centred medical education. Medical Teacher. 2008;30(5):e115–e124. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590801932228
Guillot A, Champely S, Batier C, Thiriet P, Collet C. Relationship between spatial abilities, mental rotation and functional anatomy learning. Advances in Health Sciences Education. 2006;12(4):491–507. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-006-9021-7
Jasani SK, Saks NS. Utilizing visual art to enhance the clinical observation skills of medical students. Medical Teacher. 2013;35(7):e1327–e1331. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.770131
Lenzen M, Li M, Malik A, Pomponi F, Sun Y-Y, Wiedmann T, et al. Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(7):e0235654. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235654
Kumar S. Second wave of COVID-19: emergency situation in India. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2021;28(7):taab082. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taab082
Ruiz JG, Cook DA, Levinson AJ. Computer animations in medical education: a critical literature review. Medical Education. 2009;43(9):838–846. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03429.x
Smith CF, Pawlina W. A journey like no other: Anatomy 2020! Anatomical Sciences Education. 2021;14(1):5–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2039
Lodge JM, Hansen L, Cottrell D. Modality preference and learning style theories: rethinking the role of sensory modality in learning. Learning: Research and Practice. 2015;2(1):4–17. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2015.1083115
Hall E. The tenacity of learning styles: a response to Lodge, Hansen, and Cottrell. Learning: Research and Practice. 2016;2(1):18–26. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2016.1139856
Estai M, Bunt S. Best teaching practices in anatomy education: a critical review. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 2016;208:151–157. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2016.02.010
Moore CM, Lowe C, Lawrence J, Borchers P. Developing observational skills and knowledge of anatomical relationships in an art and anatomy workshop using plastinated specimens. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2011;4(5):294–301. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.244
Chekrouni N, Kleipool RP, de Bakker BS. The impact of using three-dimensional digital models of human embryos in the biomedical curriculum. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger. 2020;227:151430. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151430
Basavanna PN, Ravishankar MV, Arora D. Anatomy lives in the dissection hall: Post‐Covid‐19 perception of students. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2022;15(1):83–85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2156
Dev P, Montgomery K, Senger S, Heinrichs WL, Srivastava S, Waldron K. Simulated medical learning environments on the Internet. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 2002;9(5):437–447. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1089
Clunie L, Morris NP, Joynes VCT, Pickering JD. How comprehensive are research studies investigating the efficacy of technology-enhanced learning resources in anatomy education? A systematic review. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2017;11(3):303–319. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1762
Kong X, Nie L, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ye Q, Tang L, et al. Do 3D printing models improve anatomical teaching about hepatic segments to medical students? A randomized controlled study. World Journal of Surgery. 2016;40(8):1969–1976. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-016-3541-y
O’Reilly MK, Reese S, Herlihy T, Geoghegan T, Cantwell CP, Feeney RNM, et al. Fabrication and assessment of 3D printed anatomical models of the lower limb for anatomical teaching and femoral vessel access training in medicine. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2015;9(1):71–79. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1538
Bogomolova K, Ham IJM, Dankbaar MEW, Broek WW, Hovius SER, Hage JA, et al. The effect of stereoscopic augmented reality visualization on learning anatomy and the modifying effect of visual‐spatial abilities: a double‐center randomized controlled trial. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2020;13(5):558–567. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1941
Chen S, Zhu J, Cheng C, Pan Z, Liu L, Du J, et al. Can virtual reality improve traditional anatomy education programmes? A mixed-methods study on the use of a 3D skull model. BMC Medical Education. 2020;20:395. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02255-6
Labranche L, Wilson TD, Terrell M, Kulesza RJ. Learning in stereo: the relationship between spatial ability and 3D digital anatomy models. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2021;15(2):291–303. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2057
Owolabi J, Bekele A. Implementation of innovative educational technologies in teaching of anatomy and basic medical sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country: the COVID-19 silver lining? Advances in Medical Education and Practice. 2021;12:619–625. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S295239
Choudhury B, Gouldsborough I, Gabriel S. Use of interactive sessions and e-learning in teaching anatomy to first-year optometry students. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2010;3(1):39–45. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.123
Webb AL, Choi S. Interactive radiological anatomy eLearning solution for first year medical students: development, integration, and impact on learning. Anatomical Sciences Education. 2013;7(5):350–360. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1428

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.