Antimicrobial Resistance Profile Among Major Bacterial Pathogens in Southern Babil, Iraq
PDF

Keywords

antimicrobial resistance
bacterial pathogens
Iraq
urinary tract infection
cephalosporins
aminoglycosides

How to Cite

AL-Khikani, F. H. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance Profile Among Major Bacterial Pathogens in Southern Babil, Iraq. Galician Medical Journal, 27(3), E202036. https://doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2020.3.6

Abstract

Background: At present, drug-resistant pathogens are considered one of the major increasing causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. The data on microorganisms' resistance assist define the best available treatment for patients. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the antimicrobial-resistant profile of different drugs in major clinical pathogens of urine, ear and wound infections.

Methods: This study was conducted in Al-Shomali General Hospital, Southern Babil, Iraq from October 2019 to May 2020. Totally 67 clinical specimens obtained from the wound, urine, and ear discharge collected from hospitalized patients as well as 30 healthy individuals participate in this study. Then, the standard microbiological methods carried outperformed to the isolated and identified bacterial species. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using different antimicrobial discs by applying the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: Totally, 67 bacterial isolates were obtained from 44 (66%) female and 23 (34%) male patients. Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were the most common predominant organisms. All isolates were showed a high rate of resistance to evaluated cephalosporins 100% and 87% to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone respectively, while very low resistance recorded in Aminoglycosides 22% and 12% to Gentamicin and amikacin, respectively.

Conclusion: These results suggest a constant screening for the detection of antibiotic resistance, as well as developing antimicrobial stewardship programs in Babil, Iraq. Moreover, these bacterial isolates have shown multidrug resistance, mainly to commonly administered drugs that could cause therapy ineffective. Therefore, in clinical use, appropriate treatment should be chosen based on the results obtained from antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

https://doi.org/10.21802/gmj.2020.3.6
PDF

References

Smith RD, Coast J. Antimicrobial resistance: a global response. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2002; 80: 126-133.

AL-Khikani FH. Challenges in Fungal Treatment: A Serious Public Health Problem. Indian Journal of Medical Specialities. 2020; 11: 77-78.

AL-Khikani FH, Ayit AS. Major challenges in dermatophytosis treatment: current options and future visions. Egyptian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology. 2020; 41: 43-59.

Pfeifer Y, Cullik A, Witte W. Resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2010; 300 (6): 371-379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.04.005 [PMid:20537585]

Gashe F, Mulisa E, Mekonnen M, Zeleke G. Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Different Clinical Isolates against Third-Generation Cephalosporins. Journal of pharmaceutics. 2018; 12: 188-193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5070742 [PMid:30271652 PMCid:PMC6151245]

AL-Khikani FH. Dermatophytosis a worldwide contiguous fungal infection: Growing challenge and few solutions. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2020; 4: 22-27.

Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink J. Countering antibiotic resistance. Science. 2015; 347 (6226): 1109-1111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.347.6226.1109-q

Kapil A. The challenge of antibiotic resistance; need to contemplate. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2005; 121 (2): 83-91.

Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis- part 1: causes and threats. P& T. 2015; 40: 277-283.

Fair RJ, Tor Y. Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry. 2014; 6: 25-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4137/PMC.S14459 [PMid:25232278 PMCid:PMC4159373]

Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: A global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens and Global Health. 2015; 109: 309-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030 [PMid:26343252 PMCid:PMC4768623]

AL-Khikani FH, AL-Janabi AA. Topical Amphotericin B formulas: Promising new application. International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research. 2019; 2: 187-196.

AL-Khikani FH. Amphotericin B from antifungal to antiviral therapy: promising modern therapeutic branch. Research Results in Pharmacology. 2020; 6: 22-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.53649

Friedman ND, Temkin E, Carmeli Y. The negative impact of antibiotic resistance. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2016; 22: 416-422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.002 [PMid:26706614]

AL-Khikani FH. Amphotericin B is the wonder of today' s pharmacology science: persisting usage over seventh decades. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research. 2020; 6: 33-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.53649

Chamoun K, Farah M, Araj G, Daoud Z, Moghnieh R, Salameh P, et al. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanese hospitals: retrospective nationwide compiled data. International journal of infectious diseases. 2016; 46: 64-70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.03.010 [PMid:26996458]

Al Khikani FH, Kadem BJ. Unusual false negative serum human chorionic gonadotropin detected by qualitative immunoassay: a case report of two Iraqi women. J Med Sci Res. 2020; 3: 81-83.

Cassir N, Rolain J-M, Brouqui P. A new strategy to fight antimicrobial resistance: the revival of old antibiotics. Frontiers in microbiology. 2014; 5: 551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00551 [PMid:25368610 PMCid:PMC4202707]

Hirsch EB, Tam VH. Impact of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research. 2010; 10: 441-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1586/erp.10.49 [PMid:20715920 PMCid:PMC3071543]

AL Khikani FH. The forgotten role of methenamine to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection: urgency for reuse 100 years after discovery. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research. 2020; 6: 13-16

AL-Khikani FH. Kadim BJ, Ayit AS, Abidalali MH. Evaluation Cephalosporins Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated Clinically. 2020; 31: 110-119.

Cheng YW, Wong SN. Diagnosing symptomatic urinary tract infections in infants by catheter urine culture. J Paediatr Child Health. 2005; 41: 437-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2005.00662.x [PMid:16101979]

Farhadi Z, Bahador N. Pathotypic and phylogenetic studies of urine Escherichia coli isolates from girls < 5 years of age in Marvdasht hospital. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2018; 2: 281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_73_18

Mehrishi P, Faujdar SS, Kumar S, Solanki S, Sharma A. Antibiotic susceptibility profie of uropathogens in rural population of Himachal Pradesh, India: Where we are heading? Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2019; 3: 171-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_102_19

AL-Khikani FH, Auda Ga, Ayit AS. Correlation study between urinary tract bacterial infection and some acute inflammatory responses. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2019; 3: 236-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_122_19

Hameed T, Al Nafeesah A, Chishti S, Al Shaalan M, Al Fakeeh K. Community-acquired urinary tract infections in children: resistance patterns of uropathogens in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. International journal of pediatrics and adolescent medicine. 2019; 6: 51-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2019.02.010 [PMid:31388546 PMCid:PMC6676371]

Anyadoh-Nwadike SO, Okorondu SI, Obiajuru IO, Nwadike PO, Nwaokorie FO, Akerele JO. Comparative study of the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from the urinary and genital tracts of antenatal patients. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2015; 10: 15-19.

Pondei K, Fente BG, Oladapo O. Current microbial isolates from wound swabs, their culture and sensitivity pattern at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Nigeria. Trop Med Health. 2013; 41: 49-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh.2012-14 [PMid:23874138 PMCid:PMC3705182]

Azene MK, Beyene BA. Bacteriology and antibiogram of pathogens from wound infections at Dessie laboratory, North-east Ethiopia. Tanzania journal of health research. 2011; 13: 68-- 74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v13i4.64901 [PMid:26592050]

AL Khikani FH, Almosawey HS. Be conscious to be healthy: An initiative to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection in Iraqi women. Hamdan Med J. 2020; 13: 89-90.

Berrazeg M, Jeannot K, Engué né VY, Broutin I, Loeffert S, Fournier D, Plé siat P. Mutations in β -lactamase AmpC increase resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to antipseudomonal cephalosporins. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2015; 59: 48-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00825-15 [PMid:26248364 PMCid:PMC4576058]

Gajul SV, Mohite ST, Datkhile KD, Kakade SV, Mangalagi SS, Wavare SM. Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase Genotypes in Klebsiella pneumoniae from Respiratory Tract Infections at Tertiary Care Hospital. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences. 2019; 8: 4-8.

Beyene G, Tsegaye W. Bacterial uropathogens in urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility pattern in jimma university specialized hospital, southwest ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2011; 21: 141-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v21i2.69055

Shill MC, Huda NH, Moain FB, Karmakar UK. Prevalence of uropathogens in diabetic patients and their corresponding resistance pattern: results of a survey conducted at diagnostic centers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Oman Med J. 2010; 25: 282-285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2010.82 [PMid:22043358 PMCid:PMC3191656]

Olorunmola FO, Kolawole DO, Lamikanra A. Antibiotic resistance and virulence properties in Escherichia coli strains from cases of urinary tract infections. African journal of infectious diseases. 2013; 7: 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v7i1.1

Arumugham VB, Cascella M. Third Generation Cephalosporins. InStatPearls. 2019; 26: 33-36.

AL Khikani FH, Abadi RM, Ayit AS. Emerging carbapenemase Klebsiella oxytoca with multidrug resistance implicated in urinary tract infection. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2020; 4: 148-151.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.